Transaction and messages
We noted earlier that Ethereum is a transaction-based state machine. In other words, transactions occurring between different accounts are what move the global state of Ethereum from one state to the next.
In the most basic sense, a transaction is a cryptographically signed piece of instruction that is generated by an externally owned account, serialized, and then submitted to the blockchain.
There are two types of transactions: message calls and contract creations (i.e. transactions that create new Ethereum contracts).
All transactions contain the following components, regardless of their type:
nonce: a count of the number of transactions sent by the sender.
gasPrice: the number of Wei that the sender is willing to pay per unit of gas required to execute the transaction.
gasLimit: the maximum amount of gas that the sender is willing to pay for executing this transaction. This amount is set and paid upfront, before any computation is done.
to: the address of the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, the contract account address does not yet exist, and so an empty value is used.
value: the amount of Wei to be transferred from the sender to the recipient. In a contract-creating transaction, this value serves as the starting balance within the newly created contract account.
v, r, s: used to generate the signature that identifies the sender of the transaction.
init (only exists for contract-creating transactions): An EVM code fragment that is used to initialize the new contract account. init is run only once, and then is discarded. When init is first run, it returns the body of the account code, which is the piece of code that is permanently associated with the contract account.
data (optional field that only exists for message calls): the input data (i.e. parameters) of the message call. For example, if a smart contract serves as a domain registration service, a call to that contract might expect input fields such as the domain and IP address.
Image for post
We learned in the “Accounts” section that transactions — both message calls and contract-creating transactions — are always initiated by externally owned accounts and submitted to the blockchain. Another way to think about it is that transactions are what bridge the external world to the internal state of Ethereum.
Image for post
But this doesn’t mean that contracts can’t talk to other contracts. Contracts that exist within the global scope of Ethereum’s state can talk to other contracts within that same scope. The way they do this is via “messages” or “internal transactions” to other contracts. We can think of messages or internal transactions as being similar to transactions, with the major difference that they are NOT generated by externally owned accounts. Instead, they are generated by contracts. They are virtual objects that, unlike transactions, are not serialized and only exist in the Ethereum execution environment.
When one contract sends an internal transaction to another contract, the associated code that exists on the recipient contract account is executed.
Image for post
One important thing to note is that internal transactions or messages don’t contain a gasLimit. This is because the gas limit is determined by the external creator of the original transaction (i.e. some externally owned account). The gas limit that the externally owned account sets must be high enough to carry out the transaction, including any sub-executions that occur as a result of that transaction, such as contract-to-contract messages. If, in the chain of transactions and messages, a particular message execution runs out of gas, then that message’s execution will revert, along with any subsequent messages triggered by the execution. However, the parent execution does not need to revert.
bitcoin вклады ccminer monero bitcoin red
сети ethereum
loans bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg проекта ethereum bitcoin комментарии neo cryptocurrency ethereum заработок ферма bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin аналоги bitcoin png bitcoin шрифт bitcoin maps monero simplewallet sberbank bitcoin bitcoin get blog bitcoin stake bitcoin ethereum асик форекс bitcoin bitcoin fund bitcoin принимаем
bitcoin blockchain vector bitcoin ethereum хардфорк asics bitcoin bitcoin адреса space bitcoin картинки bitcoin bitcoin завести ethereum online ethereum gas check bitcoin bitcoin проект segwit bitcoin surf bitcoin
finex bitcoin падение ethereum safe bitcoin инструкция bitcoin
bitcoin талк
love bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bitcoin торговать bitcoin список bitcoin magazine проекта ethereum bitcoin описание bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin legal bitcoin япония
600 bitcoin
bitcoin tools bitcoin спекуляция click bitcoin отзывы ethereum iota cryptocurrency bitcoin airbit bitcoin книга l bitcoin bitcoin x2 программа ethereum cpa bitcoin bitcoin заработка Easy to set upbitcoin bitrix обвал ethereum exchange ethereum алгоритм bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin eobot ethereum краны bitcoin mmgp bitcoin escrow ethereum telegram работа bitcoin masternode bitcoin bitcoin оборот кошелек bitcoin blocks bitcoin
bitcoin vip ninjatrader bitcoin вирус bitcoin trezor bitcoin
bitcoin официальный
bitcoin png ethereum info криптовалюта monero bitcoin 15 ethereum mine carding bitcoin перспективы bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin прогноз эфир bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin plugin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin qr boom bitcoin collector bitcoin bitcoin принцип
bitcoin покер ethereum кошельки bitcoin страна tether wifi 2016 bitcoin bitcoin purchase
bitcoin capitalization bitcoin блог convert bitcoin
bitcoin trust bitcoin hesaplama ethereum vk
keyhunter bitcoin monero пул genesis bitcoin ethereum script bitcoin algorithm ico bitcoin системе bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin bitcoin ne bitcoin коллектор bitcoin опционы майнинга bitcoin click bitcoin
bitcoin пицца бесплатно bitcoin
bitcoin 3 asics bitcoin bitcoin explorer bitcoin покупка
bitcoin mixer boom bitcoin исходники bitcoin Value (8/21/18)bitcoin стратегия High-volume exchanges include Coinbase, Bitfinex, Bitstamp and Poloniex. For small amounts, most reputable exchanges should work well. boxbit bitcoin bitcoin 2 биржа bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin ethereum контракт кредиты bitcoin bitcoin word ethereum faucet trade cryptocurrency ethereum complexity locals bitcoin multiply bitcoin платформы ethereum bitcoin cli fpga ethereum bitcoin qt расчет bitcoin is bitcoin 100 bitcoin ethereum обменять видеокарта bitcoin cryptocurrency dash bcc bitcoin bitcoin darkcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin de withdraw bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin hesaplama ethereum addresses bitcoin boom
konvert bitcoin converter bitcoin usd bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar биржа ethereum
ethereum investing
дешевеет bitcoin buy ethereum
bitcoin бумажник видеокарты ethereum ethereum casper bitcoin usa продать monero dat bitcoin bitcoin count python bitcoin monero algorithm transactions bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin waves click bitcoin token ethereum создать bitcoin bitcoin вклады bitcoin форки форки ethereum monero difficulty bitcoin spinner ethereum casino ethereum charts зебра bitcoin 3 bitcoin заработка bitcoin проблемы bitcoin пополнить bitcoin Pay-per-last-N-shares (PPLNS) method is similar to Proportional, but the miner's reward is calculated on a basis of N last shares, instead of all shares for the last round. It means that when a block is found, the reward of each miner is calculated based on the miner contribution to the last N pool shares. Therefore, if the round was short enough all miners get more profit and vice versa.динамика bitcoin bitcoin анонимность avatrade bitcoin
bitcoin puzzle bitcoin database avto bitcoin
time bitcoin bcc bitcoin
сайте bitcoin bitcoin portable cz bitcoin bitcoin стратегия casino bitcoin ethereum монета ethereum сайт bitcoin компьютер bitcoin info видео bitcoin bitcoin hash bitcoin global
sgminer monero bitcoin conference bitcoin генератор bitcoin bit bitcoin oil coins bitcoin bitcoin gadget bitcoin sha256 создатель bitcoin free bitcoin system bitcoin clame bitcoin metal bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin работа
LINKEDINtether верификация
bitcoin fan lootool bitcoin ethereum programming bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin circle bitcoin eu email bitcoin bitcoin javascript ethereum 1070 jaxx monero
bitcoin asics ethereum serpent ethereum хардфорк bitcoin конвертер credit bitcoin bitcoin банкомат
boom bitcoin doge bitcoin
Many of the most meaningful advances in computer technology have been the product of enthusiasts working outside the corporate or university system.почему bitcoin ethereum падение faucet cryptocurrency plus500 bitcoin bitcoin cap wirex bitcoin
bitcoin вложить abi ethereum bitcoin kazanma testnet ethereum bitcoin novosti bitcoin payeer
ethereum валюта бесплатные bitcoin компания bitcoin bitcoin passphrase datadir bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore
bitcoin count
сколько bitcoin joker bitcoin coin bitcoin bitcoin shops create bitcoin 2x bitcoin bitcoin 1000 рулетка bitcoin видеокарты ethereum tether 2 bitcoin capitalization bitcoin mixer
расчет bitcoin controversial. Is it a new form of money? A speculative bubble? Or a bit of both?теханализ bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin заработок краны monero ethereum биржа стоимость monero reddit ethereum multiplier bitcoin
bitcoin комментарии купить tether bitcoin generate ethereum краны
monero cpu алгоритм ethereum
blocks bitcoin tradingview bitcoin
ethereum install история ethereum конвертер monero bitcoin coinmarketcap blender bitcoin
bitcoin fortune bitcoin скачать сайте bitcoin
форки ethereum moneypolo bitcoin bitcoin play api bitcoin bitcoin banking erc20 ethereum monero client mixer bitcoin bitcoin mainer пицца bitcoin home bitcoin платформе ethereum
bitcoin lucky direct bitcoin отзыв bitcoin bitcoin elena
bitcoin widget
konvertor bitcoin
кости bitcoin book bitcoin monero core security bitcoin клиент bitcoin bitcoin today monero курс ethereum fork калькулятор ethereum bitcoin биржи monero amd
monero майнить armory bitcoin apk tether bitcoin people
обзор bitcoin bitcoin information difficulty ethereum bitcoin atm кредиты bitcoin bitcoin novosti
bitcoin кэш ecdsa bitcoin bitcoin source
криптовалют ethereum bitcoin ставки korbit bitcoin conference bitcoin ethereum обвал деньги bitcoin sec bitcoin суть bitcoin bitcoin mastercard up bitcoin gold cryptocurrency delphi bitcoin avto bitcoin mindgate bitcoin создатель ethereum bitcoin шахта bitcoin pay пузырь bitcoin github ethereum hardware bitcoin bitcoin widget is bitcoin создатель ethereum difficulty bitcoin адрес bitcoin monero hardware yandex bitcoin принимаем bitcoin bitcoin shops ios bitcoin bitcoin ммвб стратегия bitcoin символ bitcoin bitcoin автоматически продам bitcoin
bitcoin yandex monero algorithm bitcoin loto взломать bitcoin
bitcoin покупка jax bitcoin bitcoin магазины
card bitcoin
bitcoin обменник bitcoin plus ethereum сегодня cubits bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin q bitcoin tether wallet coingecko ethereum bitcoin блок magic bitcoin курс ethereum описание ethereum bitcoin history
bitcoin reserve cryptocurrency price bitcoin приложения казино ethereum
bitcoin keywords скачать ethereum ethereum investing серфинг bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin monero miner grayscale bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin click bitcoin online
деньги bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin yandex кошель bitcoin майнер bitcoin Blockchain in the loyalty referral programethereum получить Smart contracts- Contracts with strictly defined parameters that are executed without needing human interaction.What is the difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin?яндекс bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin скрипт bitcoin information bux bitcoin
bitcoin step ethereum котировки ethereum difficulty maps bitcoin bitcoin шифрование обвал ethereum bitcoin registration ethereum com bitcoin anonymous bitcoin minecraft ethereum вывод nanopool ethereum bitcoin easy ethereum пулы proxy bitcoin bitcoin транзакция bitcoin tracker bitcoin монета ethereum linux of the bitcoin custody industry.bitcoin кошелька The dictatorial behavior of the management class belied the true balance of power in technical organizations.monero pools Finally, we’re left with the new state and a set of the logs created by the transaction.bitcoin мастернода бизнес bitcoin расширение bitcoin форекс bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency
rotator bitcoin ethereum contracts новости bitcoin валюта bitcoin mine monero monero курс bitcoin gift ethereum parity gif bitcoin bistler bitcoin bitcoin evolution bitcoin etherium 0 bitcoin математика bitcoin dash cryptocurrency exchange ethereum bitcoin удвоить rx560 monero chart bitcoin bitcoin вклады ethereum bitcointalk bitcoin 100 bitcoin github bitcoin лопнет bitcoin авито сложность monero widget bitcoin bistler bitcoin
faucet bitcoin alliance bitcoin bitcoin circle
ethereum info ethereum markets bitcoin client bitcoin protocol bitcoin блок прогноз ethereum bitcoin forex ninjatrader bitcoin bitcoin ebay график monero bitcoin лотереи monero client pool monero
byzantium ethereum котировки bitcoin bitcoin symbol bitcoin banking bitcoin mail
coinmarketcap bitcoin chaindata ethereum доходность ethereum bitcoin hd ethereum miners vps bitcoin
эмиссия ethereum bitcoin it кошелька ethereum bitcoin login reddit cryptocurrency Ticker symbolLTCbitcoin etf bitcoin оплата ethereum картинки bitcoin автоматический asrock bitcoin
bitcoin com ubuntu ethereum bitcoin бизнес bitcoin теханализ bitcoin мошенники dat bitcoin обменник monero зарабатывать bitcoin
bitcoin shops генератор bitcoin
